Technology Is the Solution to Overpopulation Essay Example

Technology Is the Solution to Overpopulation Paper At some point the steadily rising population will move from being a problem that is geographically distant to one that is immediate and more salient than just an increasing value on a faceless counter. This problem of population growth leads to a number of solutions that could have significant implications on the quality of life. Taking no action and allowing population to grow unchecked could possibly risk the entire human species if food or clean water were to become unavailable worldwide. Aiming for zero population growth would in theory maintain the existing quality of fife since a stable population would not increase their use of resources. However not all resources are renewable, so scarcities could still occur with a fixed population size. In an extreme case permanent resource depletion under zero population growth could have the same extinction effect that unchecked growth can lead to. Despite the escalating risk of unchecked population growth, technological advances necessitated by the increase in population will at least maintain the quality of life and could possibly improve conditions. Southwest in Global Ecology in Human Perspective says that human population has increased geometrically over the past two millennia. With a high number of people in their reproductive age the potential for continued growth is likely. Southwest says that scientists think the world population has increased far beyond an optimal size of one to two billion. The optimal population comes from a standard of middle class quality of life. A more critical analysis of population growth relates it to a cancer in an organism. We will write a custom essay sample on Technology Is the Solution to Overpopulation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Technology Is the Solution to Overpopulation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Technology Is the Solution to Overpopulation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Despite the level of pessimism on population growth, future research needs to be conducted with a more objective viewpoint to counteract cultural and emotional origins (Southwest, 1996). With the likelihood that population will continue to increase when considering Southwests observation that many people able to reproduce, the population will continue to move further from its optimal size. This deviation implies that the quality of life must be decreasing for many. In reality this decline has not happened. As discussed in class, increased agricultural yields have allowed for a larger population to be adequately supported. Even with the increased amount of food, Southwest says that 20 percent of the world population is malnourished (1996). More food may be available but it still is to being distributed to all of those who need it. The lack of rapid worldwide transport of all goods including food may appear to be a hindrance to well- being but this disconnection between locations may provide an important health safeguard. Diseases are another negative factor to human population growth and some highly contagious fatal diseases can risk human extinction. A virus can only spread if it can find someone else to infect before it kills the carrier. A fatal disease that leads to death after a long period of time increases the chance that the carrier can infect other people, in turn bringing population closer to extinction. In terms Of transportation, if people and goods in the world are too well connected, then a fatal disease that has the potential to lead to extinction would be able to infect many people over large area since the disease can spread quickly over trade routes. The World Health Organization has found that the current spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome or CARS is facilitated by international travel and can quickly infect many people around the world. Originating in Southeast Asia, speedy transportation has turned CARS from a regional problem into an international issue (World Health Organization, 2003). To avoid the risk of mass deaths due to rapidly spreading diseases, international policymakers need to avoid the creation off level of world interconnectedness that is too quick. A slightly disconnected world may mean goods may not reach all places where in demand, but the risk of fatal diseases affecting large regions of population would be less. The ideal model of resource distribution is to have necessities be located near areas of population. Localized resources would reduce the need for goods to travel long distances over a lengthened period of time to avoid the spread of disease. Increased levels of population could live well off of added amounts of food that are nearby. This best case of locating populations near resources would be difficult to obtain in practice as resources and populations are already in fixed locations. If people were unwilling to move near where food is available it would be difficult, except in times Of war and famine, to force them to relocate. A compromise solution would accept the fact that not all people of the world will be able to have a high standard of living but the potential for improved quality exists. This potential cannot be reached immediately since resources ND population remain geographically separate and faster transportation would increase the spread of fatal diseases.

Apple Inc Case Study Essays

Apple Inc Case Study Essays Apple Inc Case Study Paper Apple Inc Case Study Paper Operational Balanced Scorecard: Apple, Inc. Increasing customer expectations and a rapidly changing market are continually putting pressure on Apple to maintain a balanced scorecard. From the information reviewed, it is evident both financial and non-financial measures of Apple operations constitute the management of their strategic decisions and evaluations of the cost of quality measures. Using the balanced scorecard approach to define the financial positioning of Apple creates a clear picture as to what they can and should measure to balance the financials accordingly. It is a management system that enables them to illuminate their corporate strategy, mission, and vision- and put them into action, while providing current feedback for improving performance and results. The Learning and Growth Perspective In today’s fast-paced world of swift technological change, the level of knowledge and training held by Apple’s employees is imperative to their ability to remain a key competitor in a highly competitive market. Yahoo! Finance Investor Relations illustrates some qualities of the non-financial measures of Apple’s balanced scorecard in respect to the Learning and Growth perspective. It is necessary for employees to be in a continuous learning mode, and it is evident through Apple’s recent investments in training their rapidly growing number of employees. As of 2010, Apple Inc. employed 49,400 employees on a full time basis. That number has risen 34. 2% from 2009, a clear reflection of company efforts to foster formidable growth through innovations, development, and market ability. Employee satisfaction is also relatively high at Apple. Their â€Å"Think Different† philosophy is evident through all levels of operations, from product development and marketing, to the corporate culture amongst employees. According to PC Mag, â€Å"Steve Jobs has passed away, but Apple employees will remember him fondly. When Jobs left Apple in August, he had one of the highest approval ratings for a chief executive by his employees, as documented by Glassdoor. com. Employee empowerment at Apple creates an opportunity for Apple employees to express their creativity through innovative design and foster continual improvements on a business process, customer, and financial measures perspective. Apple’s success is heavily reliant on the intelligence and abilities of their employees. It is imperative Apple continue to promote employee empowerment, boast low employee turnover, and generate high employee satisfaction, as the Learning and Growth perspective establishes the foundation of a balanced scorecard. Continually improving performance in the Learning and Growth perspective will enable Apple to improve its Internal Processes, and therefore increase customer satisfaction, and generate better financial performance. The Business Process Perspective Internal business processes are imperious in Apple’s ability to evaluate their business and understand whether they are meeting and exceeding their customer expectations. In July, 2011 Steve Jobs said â€Å"We’re thrilled to deliver our best quarter ever, with revenue up 82 percent and profits up 125 percent†. Considerable growth and record profits are a clear indication that internal processes at Apple are working effectively. Apple’s ability to conform to customer requirements at an internal level are illustrated through their success and double-digit revenue growth. The Customer Perspective Apple operates in different market segments with their multiple personal computing products, mobile communication and media devices, and portable digital music players. The customers are at the heart of Microsoft’s operations. From reviewing Apple’s 2011 third quarter results, it is clear from increased revenues in three out of four of their market segments are reporting growth in revenues. Although revenue growth is not the sole indicator of customer satisfaction, it is clear their good financial performance is directly related to their decision to target specific customer segments, while distinguishing their customer needs and wants throughout each segment, thus creating future value. According to NY Times, â€Å"In the last decade, Apple has redefined the music business through the iPod, the cellphone business through the iPhone and the entertainment and media world through the iPad. Again and again, Mr. Jobs gambled that he knew what the customer would want, and again and again he was right. † Exponential growth in each of these market segments illustrates a high level of customer satisfaction. Consistent improvement of design qualities have led to increased revenue growth. To Steve Jobs, â€Å"Design is not just what it looks like and feels like. Design is how it works. † Financial Perspective The financial perspective demonstrates the customary need for financial data to be manipulated through metrics in a way that illustrates the fitness of Apple’s core businesses. This information is imperative for Apple to publish to their shareholders and potential investors. As Apple Inc. is a publically traded company, their financial data is available online. Investors can look for potential risks facing the company, which may or may not deter potential investors. The following is an excerpt from Investor Relations, Earnings and Financials; Third quarter results for 2011 illustrate Apple’s ability to create increasing shareholder value. We’re thrilled to deliver our best quarter ever, with revenue up 82 percent and profits up 125 percent†¦We are extremely pleased with our performance which drove quarterly cash flow from operations of $11. 1 billion, an increase of 131 percent year-over-year,† said Peter Oppenheimer, Apple’s CFO. Looking ahead to the fourth fiscal quarter of 2011, we expect revenue of about $25 billion and we expect diluted earnings per share of about $5. 50. † Increases in operating income from productivity gain, operating income from growth and revenue growth allow Apple Inc. o manage their costs and unused capacity and build strong customer relationships, resulting in increased shareholder value. Costs of Controlling Quality vs. Costs of not Controlling Quality According to the text from class, â€Å"The American Society for Quality defines quality as the total features and characteristics of a product or service made or performed according to specifications to satisfy customers at the time of purchase and during use. † There is no doubt that Apple is a successful company. From reviewing the Apples’ financial statements, it is clear Apple has cornered the market on â€Å"cool†. Apple has bravely marketed themselves as a company that makes products that â€Å"just work. † However, this success does come at a cost. Costs of Controlling Quality Prevention Cost: Apple, Inc. According to AppleMatters. com, â€Å"In terms of hardware, Apples success is overloading its own Quality Control. With manufacturers that need to produce a record number of Macs, iPods, iPhones, and accessories, it is without a doubt that some testers overlook several tests in order to ship out as many Apple products as possible to the world. By appealing to business, education and the general consumer, Apples products reach a larger target audience than other computer manufacturers, requiring more units to be produced and shipped as soon as possible. † Maintaining consistency in quality in regards to Apple suppliers, design engineering, and testing of new materials is imperative to the future success of Apple. Investments in research and development and quality control are an example of one of Apple Inc. prevention Costs. From the material reviewed, it is evident that Apple has invested considerable amounts of their time and money into RD. The calculated estimate is that these investment costs will create future revenue growth through the reduction of internal and external failure costs incurred by re-work and spoilage, and customer support, while increasing value in their value chain. Appraisal Cost Apple Inc. is well known for their high quality products, and quality control is imperative to their success. The costs of quality (COQ) Apple incurs to prevent the production of low quality products is high, as they differentiate themselves from their competitors. Jobs  obsesses about competitors and forces his employees to do the same, to make sure Apple doesn’t grow complacent  he pushes all products to have leading edge components. Mr. Jobs  embraces Disruption, doesn’t fear seeing it in his company, doesn’t mind it amongst his people, and works to create it in his markets. And he makes sure Apple constantly keeps White Space projects open and working to see what works with customers – testing and trying new things all the time  in the marketplace. Just as investments in testing and RD are an example of controlling the cost of quality (COQ), Apple’s process of inspecting the goods before sale is an example of a COQ and can be referenced as an appraisal cost. The continual process of managing Apple’s COQ, such as the inspection of finished goods will ensure decreases in the costs of not conforming to quality standards, in respect to external failure costs, including warranty repair and customer support, maintaining their high levels of current customer satisfaction and fostering further growth opportunities. With the amazing success of Apple Inc. ver the last decade and rumors of new products on the way, Apples Quality Control will need to grow and continue to expand to maintain Apples standards of products that just work. Apple Inc. in the Context of the Theory of Constraints In context to the Theory of Constraints, and according to material reviewed regarding Apple Inc. , it is clear the company strives to maximize their â€Å"throughput† while minimizing their operating expenses for labor, sales, and administration, while simultaneously decreasing investment costs incurred from inventories, plant and equipment. In the market for technology, Apple faces the biggest bottleneck, created by the increasingly demanding market for new technology and innovations. Early adopters of technology want the products Apple Inc. produces yesterday, respectfully. There is tremendous pressure for Apple to continue to produce the most innovative products in a time-sensitive matter in order to meet the needs and wants of their customers, foster future growth and capitalize over competitors. When there is a delay, such as in the production level incurred by a potential supplier shortage for a component part, or lack of quality from a particular supplier, Apple’s system performs at a lower rate than the rest of the production system, and the system fails to operate at maximum capacity. Internal inspection of supplier products must be inspected prior to being used by Apple to produce their products, and because the delay would translate into a low production level, and increase costs everywhere else, the point of limited production becomes the source of the bottleneck. The bottleneck in this example for Apple could be solved by ensuring there is more than one supplier, or increasing the level of quality control for internal inspection, as to reduce the risks of experiencing a bottleneck in production because of the supplier shortages or lack of quality control from the component parts, while being able to react swiftly to potential risk factors and maintaining their production system efficiently and effectively. Critical Success Factors: Apple, Inc. Cost and efficiency, quality, time, and innovation are the critical success factors that can make or break a company. Customers expect companies to exploit the benefits of maximizing their critical success factors through the value chain. The competition in the software market and in the rapidly changing technological market is fierce, and it is clear Apple Inc. stands strong throughout their decision making process concerning their cost and efficiency, quality, time, and innovation. Cost and Efficiency From analyzing Apple Inc. SEC findings, it is evident they intend on creating value in the value chain to customers through ability to produce highly differentiated products at a low cost in regards to RD, while simultaneously producing products at a relatively low cost to consumers. The figure below illustrates Apple’s level of RD investment in respect to other key competitors. RD expenditures at Apple are merely 2% of overall Revenue. This is five times lower than Google and six times lower than Microsoft. Figure 1. It is clear Apple has made considerable investments towards the level of their cost and efficiency, a low cost in respect to performing the activity in the value chain function. It is clear the benefits in sales revenues and customer relationship acquisition and management at Apple Inc. are complimented through their low levels of investment in their RD, separating them from their key competitors, and thus giving them a competitive advantage in the market. Quality â€Å"Be a yardstick of quality. Some people aren’t used to an environment where excellence is expected. † Steve Jobs. Quality is what has separated Apple from the competition year after year. Record breaking revenues are an indication that Apple’s customers keep coming back for more. Apple’s success can be seen through their unprecedented levels of quality at a cost affordable to the mass consumer market. According to the text used in class, Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis, quality as a key success factor is defined as the philosophy behind total quality management (TQM), in which â€Å"†¦management improves operations throughout the value chain to deliver products and services that exceed expectations. TQM encompasses designing the product or service to meet the needs and wants of customers, as well as making products with zero (or minimal) defects and waste and with low inventories. † Time The time it takes to develop user friendly hi-tech products is imperative to Apple’s success in the fast paced market of hi-tech products and software development. The speed in which Apple produces products is what has defined and created their image thus far. Short product life cycles are communal throughout the market, and Apple Inc. is constantly being pressured to be first in industry in the market year over year. Innovation Steve Jobs on Apple, Inc. â€Å"A lot of companies have chosen to downsize, and maybe that was the right thing for them. We chose a different path. Our belief was that if we kept putting great products in front of customers, they would continue to open their wallets. † Innovation is the final key success factor. Without innovation, Apple would be worthless. â€Å"A constant flow of innovative products or services is the basis for ongoing company success. The management accountant helps managers evaluate alternative investment decisions and RD decisions. As cited above from the text used in class, innovation breeds success. Apple’s success is largely due to their ability to be very calculated in decision making pertaining to investments of time and money in their RD. In the many examples of innovation Apple has demonstrated through their products, it is evident Apple Inc. is aware of the market needs and wants and is consistently capable on capitalizing on the opportunities that come from being a market leader with the newest and â€Å"coolest† products. To Steve Jobs, â€Å"Design is not just what it looks and feels like. Design is how it works. Over the past decade, Apple has launched five legitimately groundbreaking innovations: The iPod. The elegant MP3 player that started Apples decade of disruption. iTunes. Beautiful software with a powerful business model that showed that people would, in fact, pay for music if the price was right and the interface was simple enough. The iPhone. Dubbed the Jesus Phone by supporters, a smartphone that three years later still hasnt been matched by rivals. The AppExchange. Sure, no one needs 98 percent of the apps that Apple offers, but wow, what a selection. The Apple Store. The quietest part of Apples revolution, today close to $2 billion worth of goods move through Apple revolutionary stores. It is very evident through the success over the last decade that Apple consistently exceeds the mark on innovation again and again, even in a market that is highly competitive and dominated by other very strong competitors. References: http://biz. yahoo. com/ic/12/12644. html pcmag. com/article2/0,2817,2391785,00. asp#fbid=-03YEURba_U apple. com/pr/library/2011/07/19Apple-Reports-Third-Quarter-Results. html http://files. shareholder. com/downloads/AAPL/1432412872x0xS1193125-10-238044/320193/filing. pdf apple. com/pr/library/2011/07/19Apple-Reports-Third-Quarter-Results. html http://topics. nytimes. com/top/news/business/companies/apple_computer_inc/index. html hobo-web. co. uk/the-best-steve-jobs-quotes-putting-a-ding-in-the-universe/ apple. com/pr/library/2011/07/19Apple-Reports-Third-Quarter-Results. html Horngren, C. T. , Datar, S. M. , and Rajan, M. (2012). Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Fourteenth Edition. applematters. com/article/apples-quality-control-is-overloaded/ applematters. com/article/apples-quality-control-is-overloaded/ quora. com/Apple-Inc-2/Why-is-Apples-R-D-budget-so-low-relative-to-competitors quora. com/Apple-Inc-2/Why-is-Apples-R-D-budget-so-low-relative-to-competitors Horngren, C. T. , Datar, S. M. , and Rajan, M. (2012). Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Fourteenth Edition. ISBN: 978-0-13-210917 Horngren, C. T. , Datar, S. M. , and

Exercise 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exercise 1 - Essay Example Sexual abuse on the other hand is enticing a child to undertake in any sexual activities with or without consent. The awareness of the child is irrelevant in this case. Failure to provide a child’s needs amounts to neglect. The program’s mission will be protecting children from neglect and abuse to ensure they grow in a healthy environment and proper mental, social, psychological, and emotional development. The primary goals include educating the society on the various forms of child abuse and helping those affected by offering support financially, emotionally and health programs for the sexually abused (Watkins,2009). The effectiveness of the program is measurable in the following ways; data can be obtained from the related agencies and compared to cases reported after awareness is done. A reduction of the number of reported cases shows success. Conducting a benchmarking activity by comparing our work and that done by other child protection programs. The number of children who successfully undertake the program will also be an indication of the success of the program. Activities aimed at achieving the objectives include conducting fun days where families are mobilized and educated on child abuse. Blogs and social networks will ensure that a larger population gets the intended message and are continuously updated on any new events. A toll free centre will be accessible for 24 hours to respond to any emergencies and receive

Dunlap v. Tennessee Valley Authority Research Paper

Dunlap v. Tennessee Valley Authority - Research Paper Example Dunlap felt that the system of scoring was extremely skewed and in favor of white candidates. This discussion investigates the legal issues in the episode and the decision to credit the claim of desperate treatment and neglect the disparate impact claim. Similarly, the discussion will suggest different ways in which Tennessee Valley authority can improve their process of interview. Discussion Legal issues They include David Dunlap, who believes that the process of interviewing in the TVA is discriminating and violates the Title seven of the 1964 Civil Right Act. David feels that he suffered prejudice under both disparate treatment and impact by the interview, which was increasingly subjective. Dunlap believes that the selection criteria favored white people. The committee evaluated all the applicants during the interview, but Dunlap felt that the evaluation process lacked merit and had limited rhyme. For instance, he scored low marks on a safety question than his colleague who has ha d more than two accidents in a span of 11 years, and for Dunlap, he had no accident, (Markusen, 2003). The system of evaluation itself can lead to various legal issues, for instance, the Tennessee Valley Authority’s subjective hiring and evaluation process allowed racial discrimination against Black applicants such as Dunlap. The Court of Appeal verified the claim of disparate treatment, reversed the claim of disparate adverse and verified the award of the district court of damages and fees to David. Why the disparate impact claim failed The theory of disparate claim demands the plaintiff to show that a seemingly impartial employment practice influences one team increasingly harshly than the other and that the practice of employment is unjustified by business requirements. Under the doctrine, discriminatory testimony intent is not necessary. Even though, the district court construed that Tennessee Valley Authority process of interviewing was influenced to exclude black applic ants, the Appeals Court objected, citing inadequate statistical evidence that a protected team was negatively affected, therefore, creating a prima Facie argument. Dunlap could not support his case by just challenging the employed process in his interview; therefore, his case failed. Success of disparate treatment argument The doctrine of disparate treatment demands a plaintiff to show that the employer has favored some people against others based on their race, origin or cultural background. It also requires the plaintiff create a prima Facie condition of racial bias, the employer to demonstrate a number of legitimate nonbiased reasons for his actions and the plaintiff to show some evidence that the articulated accusation was pre-textual. In this theory, a discriminatory proof is crucial. Nevertheless, in different circumstances it may be concluded from the sole disparities in treatment. Discriminatory motive proof may be gathered from the employers’ false explanation for th e actions. To refute a prima Facie argument, a defendant should show a legal nonbiased reason for rejection of plaintiff. In Dunlap’s case, Tennessee Valley Authority demonstrated the selection medium employed during the interview of Dunlap, and indicated that Dunlap’s interview score did not put his last marks into the best ten. The challenge then turned back to Dunlap to show that the process of selection was pretext for biasness. The district court

Automated Services Essay Example for Free

Automated Services Essay Guidance and Counseling System is the most critical discipline office in many institutions such as the education sectors. Schools, Colleges, and Universities are depending on the Guidance Office to guide students to secure their welfare mentally and academically. Students that are carefully guided by the office until they graduated are most likely to be successful in their professional careers. Guidance and Counseling System is composed of many services that help the student cope in their school life particularly in College life which is the transition of puberty and adolescence. Students find it hard during college to express themselves and make important decisions regarding their career. So the Guidance and Counseling Office will enable them to make wise decision by offering them Guidance Services essential functions. In UPH-DJGTMU, the Guidance and Counseling Office is using manual system, that’s why their services is not that efficient. The Automated Services of Guidance and Counseling Office will enable their services be more available to students. Project Context UPH-DJGTMU Guidance and Counseling Office has a hard time attending to their offered services because it doesn’t have an automated Guidance System. And because of that, student is not serve completely, its services is not implemented well because of manual system of doing task such as updating particular records, inventory of student records, scheduling student counseling, updating career information, proposing seminars and orientations, handling student complaints, issuing a parents meeting with the counselor, making contact with outside companies for the student tracing program after they graduate and other important services. Those tasks are sometimes not well handled because the office has limited personnel. Since the Guidance and Counseling Office is lacking of manpower, it is understood that all services and task of the Office cannot carry out smoothly. That’s why our group decided to propose an Automated Guidance System which we called Automated Services of UPH-DJGTMU Guidance and Counseling Office. Purpose and Description This system will enable the Guidance personnel’s to keep their student service systematic. The Inventory Service will keep records of the student basic information. The Information Service will orient the students particularly the freshmen’s on how to choose their career by showing the possible job opportunities of their offered courses. The Counseling Service will keep track of the students counseling record and to help them win mental and academic problems in college life. The Follow-up Service shall assist the students in situating themselves on finding the most appropriate job after they graduate. The Placement Service includes a Virtual Tour that shows the Dean’s Office of the Medical University and other important offices. Referral Service shall recommend students into a more specialized person regarding their mental case problem. The Seminar Inquiry will keep track of the seminars and orientations of the Guidance Office that has been executed on Medical University. It allows seminar evaluation to recognize the importance of a seminar. The Letter Information stores all the letters made to stored records and review for future use. The Student – Teacher Welfare Section will help the both party to express their complains and do further actions regarding the issue. All references and records are kept confidential because the system is password protected and can the password can be modified from time to time. Objectives a. General Objective: To develop a system for the automation of the Guidance Services that can help them serve students with the highest quality. b. Specific Objectives: * To automate Student Profile Records for faster indexing. * To update orientation and seminars simultaneously by the help of surveys. * To orient the students particularly the freshmen’s on how to choose their career by showing the possible job opportunities of their offered courses. * To keep track of the students counseling record. * To recommend students into a more specialized person regarding their mental case problem. * To record and evaluate seminars * To enable Virtual Tour on the Medical Building Dean’s Offices and other important Office. * To record student-teacher complains and make actions to solve conflicts between student and professors. * To allow the Graduate Students to register into the Graduate Tracer Study which will enable them to find suitable job according to their respective course. Scope and limitations The proposed system was designed and developed to provide UPH-DJGTMU the most effective tool to innovate their current Guidance System. This system is composing of the following features: * Inventory Service * Information Service * Counseling Service * Placement Service * Follow-up Service * Referral Service * Seminar Inquiry * Letter Information * Student-Teacher Welfare Section It limits the user only to Guidance Personnel’s and not made to be used by students. Benefits and Impacts The system was made to serve the students of UPH-DJGTMU by helping them thru the Guidance Services what will make huge change on the services done on manual system. To produce academically and mentally molded students is the goal of the automation. In this study, the target beneficiaries are students. The system will offer them systematic guidance services which will guide them throughout college life, they will be given the opportunity to enhance their abilities and talents by seminars, the system will also guide the student to the right path of choosing career the right course when they enroll. The system will also enhance the student-teacher relations in school, this will lessen the conflict issues between other faculties and students. The automated system will also refer students to outside institutions regarding mental issues to help them cope up with mental problems. The system also has company affiliation so when they graduate, the Guidance Office will also help them find a suitable job fit in their talents and capabilities. Definition of Terms Technical Terms 1. System – it is any collection of components elements that work together to perform a task and it is used in a variety of context. 2. Evaluation – act of considering or examining something on order to judge its condition 3. Hard disk – A permanently installed, continuously spinning magnetic storage medium made up of one or more rigid disk platters. 4. Memory – The memory area in which all programs and data must reside before programs can be executed or data manipulated. Non-Technical Terms 1. Field – The smallest logical unit of data. Ex: are employee number, first name and price. 2. Record – A collection of related fields (such as an employee record) describing an event or an item. 3. Password – A word or phrase known only to the end user. When entered, it permits the end user to gain access to the system. 4. Record – A collection of related fields (such as an employee record) describing an event or an item. Acronyms 1. RAD – Rapid Access Development 2. JAD – Joint Application Development Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE / SYSTEMS The concept of developmental guidance was born early in the 20th century. From its inception through the 1950s, the focal point of guidance in a school setting was vocational education and training. Heavily influenced by the industrial revolution and world war, the concern of counselors and teachers alike was to prepare students for life after high school. From a guidance perspective specifically, that meant steering students to careers that best fit their abilities and goals. By the 1950s, developmental guidance had grown to incorporate the molding of student attitudes and behaviors. More emphasis was placed on the mental health and emotional well being of children. (Muro Kottman, 1995) By the late 1960s, the role of the school counselor began to take its current shape. In its contemporary state, guidance has grown to include counseling, planning, placement, referral, and consultation Schmidt, 1993). At the same time, guidance at the elementary school was being developed and implemented. Along with the development of elementary guidance came the emphasis on prevention, intervention, and coordination (Muro Kottman, 1995). As the field of developmental guidance has grown, so have the emphasis educators have placed on coordination and cooperation. In a well functioning school environment, cooperation exists between all school staff members. For a comprehensive guidance program to flourish, cooperation between school counselors and teachers is paramount. According to Nugent (1990), next to counselors, teachers are the most important component in implementing a successful comprehensive guidance program. By and large, teachers are the key adult figure in the average pupil’s school day. They are the most influential figures, be it positive or negative, to the average student. This is particularly true at the elementary level, where children spend the majority of their day in one classroom. School counselors and teachers have co-existed in the school setting for quite some time. One would assume that over that period of time both professions would come to understand and accept one another. Some research suggests otherwise. According to Myrick (2003), some teachers hold misconceptions about the role and function of counselors. Counselors are sometimes reviewed as administrative assistants who have little time to counsel students. Fueling the misconception is the fact that some teachers distrust counselors, due to their apparent alignment with administration. These teachers are wary of counselors observing students in their classrooms. They worry that their teaching methods are being evaluated as if counselors work as the eyes and ears of the administration. Teachers who are uncooperative and unsupportive have criticized developmental guidance in general. These teachers believe that counselors have little, if any, impact on student behaviors or student performance. They do not like students from their classrooms working with counselors. They may even refuse to send their students to the guidance office. The refusal is based on the belief that counselors really do not help, and sending students to the guidance office during class time is a waste of time that only penalizes the student. Still other teachers will send their students to see the counselor, but only during student recess (Muro Kottman, 1995).

Merchant Of Venice by William Shakespeare :: Free Merchant of Venice Essays

â€Å"Modern Humanitarianism has run riot on Shylock.† Discuss. â€Å"The Merchant of Venice† is concerned with two issues that were of importance in the Elizabethan Age: Jewry and Usury. It is generally assumed that the Elizabethan attitude to Jewry was hostile and that the execution of Roderigo Lopez in 1594 was characteristic of the Christian rejection of all ‘Jews, Turks, Infidels and Heretics’, who were considered to be â€Å"misbelievers†. But this could also be a false assumption, for although the Jews were forced to convert to Christianity to live in England, once they did they were generally left alone. Marlowe in â€Å"The Jew of Malta† portrays a Machiavellian Jew, but one who is ‘rarely mean’ in his villainy. Usury was a contemporary and important issue during Shakespeare’s time. Shylock is the negative and stereotype picture of the usurer that most of the Elizabethans had- one who was seen as a ‘greedy dog’, ‘a leech’. The interpretation of Shylock’s character is difficult and also to some extent ambiguous. He was earlier portrayed as a comic character but later on could be interpreted as a malevolent villain. But if Shylock is taken as a comic character the whole power of the play is lost. He would almost become a ridiculous villain. It could also be that Shakespeare created Shylock as a match for Marlowe’s Jew- one that was terrible, imposing but also human. Shylock is one of the main characters of the play but this also depends on the way that his character is played. He has mostly been portrayed as a comic character but when he is the tragic protagonist he ‘usurps the center of the stage.’ Shylock â€Å"represents the killjoy against whom the pleasure-loving characters unite.† He represents a â€Å"a-social miserliness† and thus his villainy is somewhat mitigated and brought within the scope of humanist debate. Shylock exists as a visible complication to the smooth running of Bassanio’s friendship with Antonio and his courtship of Portia. One can almost say that is the character that makes the plot possible. As John Palmer has said, Shylock is â€Å"An imaginative realization of what it means to wear the Star of David.† Shylock is a Jew in a Gentile Society, an alien who is never accepted. He is proud of his race, his religion but he is up against a Venetian society that is insufferable to the outsider. Even his daughter attacks all that he holds dear. Merchant Of Venice by William Shakespeare :: Free Merchant of Venice Essays â€Å"Modern Humanitarianism has run riot on Shylock.† Discuss. â€Å"The Merchant of Venice† is concerned with two issues that were of importance in the Elizabethan Age: Jewry and Usury. It is generally assumed that the Elizabethan attitude to Jewry was hostile and that the execution of Roderigo Lopez in 1594 was characteristic of the Christian rejection of all ‘Jews, Turks, Infidels and Heretics’, who were considered to be â€Å"misbelievers†. But this could also be a false assumption, for although the Jews were forced to convert to Christianity to live in England, once they did they were generally left alone. Marlowe in â€Å"The Jew of Malta† portrays a Machiavellian Jew, but one who is ‘rarely mean’ in his villainy. Usury was a contemporary and important issue during Shakespeare’s time. Shylock is the negative and stereotype picture of the usurer that most of the Elizabethans had- one who was seen as a ‘greedy dog’, ‘a leech’. The interpretation of Shylock’s character is difficult and also to some extent ambiguous. He was earlier portrayed as a comic character but later on could be interpreted as a malevolent villain. But if Shylock is taken as a comic character the whole power of the play is lost. He would almost become a ridiculous villain. It could also be that Shakespeare created Shylock as a match for Marlowe’s Jew- one that was terrible, imposing but also human. Shylock is one of the main characters of the play but this also depends on the way that his character is played. He has mostly been portrayed as a comic character but when he is the tragic protagonist he ‘usurps the center of the stage.’ Shylock â€Å"represents the killjoy against whom the pleasure-loving characters unite.† He represents a â€Å"a-social miserliness† and thus his villainy is somewhat mitigated and brought within the scope of humanist debate. Shylock exists as a visible complication to the smooth running of Bassanio’s friendship with Antonio and his courtship of Portia. One can almost say that is the character that makes the plot possible. As John Palmer has said, Shylock is â€Å"An imaginative realization of what it means to wear the Star of David.† Shylock is a Jew in a Gentile Society, an alien who is never accepted. He is proud of his race, his religion but he is up against a Venetian society that is insufferable to the outsider. Even his daughter attacks all that he holds dear.

Modes of Heat Transfer

DEFINITION OF HEAT TRANSFER| Heat transfer is energy in transit due to temperature difference . Whenever there exists a temperature difference in a medium or between media, heat transfer must occur. The basic requirement for heat transfer is the presence of temperature difference . There can be no net heat transfer between two mediums that are at the same temperature. The temperature difference is the driving force for heat transfer, just as the voltage difference is the driving force for electric current flow and pressure difference is the driving force for fluid flow.The rate of heat transfer in a certain direction depends on the magnitude of the temperature gradient (the temperature difference per unit length or the rate of change of temperature) in that direction. The larger the temperature gradient, the higher the rate of heat transfer| PHYSICAL ORIGINS AND RATE EQUATIONS:It is important to understand the physical mechanisms which underlie the heat transfer modes and that we are able to use the rate equations that quantify the amount of energy being transferred per unit time.Conduction:Conduction can be imagined as a atomic or molecular activity which involves the transfer of energy from the more energetic to the less energetic particles of a substance due to interactions between the particles. |   | Explanation: The physical mechanism of conduction is explained as follows: Consider a gas in which there exists a temperature gradient and assume that there is no bulk motion. The gas may occupy the space between two surfaces that are maintained at different temperatures, as shown in Figure 1. 2.The temperature at any point is associated with the energy of gas molecules in proximity to the point. This energy is related to the random translational motion, as well as to the internal rotational and vibrational motions, of the molecules. | Higher temperatures are associated with higher molecular energies, and when neighboring molecules collide, as they are const antly doing, a transfer of energy from the more energetic to the less energetic molecules must occur. In the presence of the temperature gradient, energy transfer by conduction must then occur in the direction of decreasing temperature.This transfer is evident in the Figure 1. 2. The hypothetical plane at xo is constantly being crossed by molecules from above and below due to their random motion. However, molecules from above are associated with a larger temperature than those from below, in which case there must be a net transfer of energy in the positive x- direction. Hence, the net transfer of energy by random molecular motion may be thought of as diffusion of energy. It is possible to quantify heat transfer processes in terms of appropriate rate equations.These equations may be used to compute the amount of energy being transferred per unit time. The rate equation for heat conduction is known as Fourier's Law. The rate equation for the one dimensional plane wall shown in Figure below, having a temperature distribution T(x) is given by | (1. 1) | The heat flux (W/m2) is the heat transfer rate in the x -direction per unit area perpendicular to the direction of transfer, and it is proportional to the the temperature gradient, dT/dx , in this direction. The proportionality constant k is a transport property known as the thermal conductivity (W/m.K) and is a characteristic of the wall material. The minus sign is a consequence of the fact that the heat is transferred in the direction of decreasing temperature. Under the steady state conditions shown in Figure 1. 3, where the temperature distribution is linear, the temperature gradient may be expressed as | (1. 2) | and the heat flux then | (1. 3) | or | (1. 4) | This equation provides a heat flux , that is, the rate of heat transfer per unit area. The heat rate by conduction qx(W), through a plane wall of area A is then the product of the flux and the area qx= . A.Convection takes place when energy is transferre d from a surface to a fluid flowing over it as a result of a difference between the temperatures of the surface and the fluid. Convection heat transfer mode is comprised of two mechanisms * Energy transfer due to random molecular motion (diffusion) * Energy transferred by the bulk or macroscopic motion of the fluid ( advection) This fluid motion is associated with the aggregate or collective movement of the large number of molecules. Such motion, in the presence of temperature gradient, contributes to the heat transfer.Because the molecules in the aggregate retain their random motion, the total heat transfer is then due to a superposition of energy transport by the random motion of the molecules and by the bulk motion of the fluid. Convection heat transfer may be classified according to the nature of the flow. * Forced convection takes place when the flow is caused by an external agent such as fan, pump or atmospheric winds. For example, consider the use of a fan to provide forced c onvection air cooling of hot electrical components on a stack of printed circuit boards. Natural convection takes place when the flow is induced by density differences caused by the temperature variations in the fluid. For example, consider heat transfer that occurs from hot components on a vertical array of circuit boards in still air. * The rate equation for convection is known as Newton's law of cooling. This is given by | (1. 5) | * q† is the convective heat flux (W/m2). Convective heat flux is proportional to the difference between the surface and temperatures, Ts and , respectively.The proportionality constant is termed the convection heat transfer coefficient. It depends on the surface geometry, the nature of the fluid motion, and the fluid involved. Any study of convection ultimately reduces to a study of the means by which h may be determined. Although consideration of these means is postponed to Chapter 6, convection heat transfer will frequently appear as a boundary condition in the solution of conduction problems. In the solution of such problems we presume h to be known, using typical values gven in Table. * RADIATION: Thermal radiation is energy emitted by matter that is at a finite temperature. Radiation occurs not only from solid surfaces but also from liquids and gases. Regardless of the form of the matter, the emission may be attributed to changes in the electron configurations of the constituent atoms or molecules. The energy of the radiation field is transported by electromagnetic waves. While the transfer of energy by conduction and convection requires the presence of a material medium, radiation does not. In fact, radiation transfer occurs most efficiently in a vacuum. Consider radiation transfer processes for the surface of Figure. 1. 4. Radiation that is emitted by the surface originates from the thermal energy of matter bounded by the surface, and the rate at which the energy is released per unit area (W/m2) is termed the surface emissive power E. * There is an upper limit to the emissive power, which is prescribed by the Stefan-Boltzmann law | (1. 6) | * where Ts is the absolute temperature (K) of the surface and is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant ( = 5. 67 x 10-8 W/m2K 4). Such a surface is called an ideal radiator or black body. *